This protection can be explained by the capacity of antioxidants in the plant foods and mushrooms to scavenge free radicals, which are responsible for the oxidative damage of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. The consumption of plant foods, such as fruits, vegetables, red wines, and juices, provides protection against various diseases, including cancer and cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases. They are also associated with free radicals because oxidative damage to DNA, proteins, and other macromolecules accumulates with age and has been postulated to be a major type of endogenous damage leading to aging. The degenerative diseases associated with aging include cancer, cardiovascular disease, immune system decline, brain dysfunction, and cataracts. Most of the medicinal extracts and biomass from mushrooms are different forms of polysaccharides, and all of them are strengthens of the immune system with few or no side effects. Therefore, antimicrobial compounds could be isolated from many mushroom species and could be of beneficial for humans. Mushrooms need antibacterial and antifungal compounds to survive in their natural environments. The antibiotics in mushrooms are less well documented in the discovery of new antimicrobial agents with different structural types. Although numerous antibiotics have been used against pathogens, antimicrobial resistance is an increasing public health problem. Infectious diseases remain one of the major threats to human health. More than 126 therapeutic effects of these molecules were revealed. The main groups of bioactive molecules produced by different mushrooms are polysaccharides, terpenoids, phenolics compounds, polypeptides, terpenes, steroids and lectins. Therefore, they are considered as perspective organisms to develop different healthcare biotech-products. Mushrooms contain several minerals and trace elements, as well as substantial amount of dietary fibres and they are also producers of bioactive molecules and valuable enzymes with different therapeutic effects. They have low fat, high protein and vitamin contents. Mushrooms are widely appreciated all over the world for their nutritional value and medicinal properties. Curr Res Nutr Food Sci 2016 4(Special Issue Confernce October 2016). Mushroom Biomass: Some Clinical Implications of β-Glucans and Enzymes. B, Bell V, Ferrão J, Calabrese V, Fernandes T. Curr Res Nutr Food Sci 2016 4(Special Issue Confernce October 2016).īarros A. Mushroom nutrition β-Glucans dietary supplements biomassīarros A. The role of intestinal microbiota is enhanced. This review focuses also on some described health-promoting potential of mushroom biomass, all through immunomodulation. β-glucans have been proposed to act as “biological response modifiers” based on their effects on the immune system, and its role in the prevention and treatment of various metabolic syndrome-linked diseases. Such activity includes enzymes that prevent oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase), enzymes that prevent cellular growth (protease, glucoamylase) and enzymes that promote detoxification (cytochrome P-450, peroxidase, glucose-2-oxidase). Of particular note is the rich enzyme activity in the biomass form of mushrooms. Here we illustrate the difference between mushrooms in the biomass and extract forms, the similarities and differences on its content on enzymes, secondary metabolites and on β-glucans, as a soluble and fermentable fibre. While tablet mushroom biomass is considered a dietary supplement, mushroom extracts are designated pharmaceutical compounds, pharmanutrients or nutraceuticals. The classification of mushroom biomass varies according to the presentation the biomass can be classified as a “food” if in powder form or, classified as a “dietary supplement” in tablet form. Biomass is the mycelium with primordia (young fruiting body - before the mushroom blooms) containing all the nutrients and active compounds, including β-glucans, enzymes and secondary metabolites. Cultivation processes vary according a) industrial fermentation - in large vats to produce extracted form of mushrooms or b) closed cultivation system - individually grown in jars on an aseptic “substrate” with controlled lighting and irrigation to produce a biomass form of mushrooms. Mushrooms have attracted market attention because they are a potential source of bioactive compounds able to perform several functions in organisms with benefits for the health of the consumer.
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